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@ -0,0 +1,251 @@
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---
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language: en
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tags:
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- exbert
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license: apache-2.0
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datasets:
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- bookcorpus
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- wikipedia
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---
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# BERT base model (uncased)
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Pretrained model on English language using a masked language modeling (MLM) objective. It was introduced in
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[this paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.04805) and first released in
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[this repository](https://github.com/google-research/bert). This model is uncased: it does not make a difference
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between english and English.
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Disclaimer: The team releasing BERT did not write a model card for this model so this model card has been written by
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the Hugging Face team.
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## Model description
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BERT is a transformers model pretrained on a large corpus of English data in a self-supervised fashion. This means it
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was pretrained on the raw texts only, with no humans labeling them in any way (which is why it can use lots of
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publicly available data) with an automatic process to generate inputs and labels from those texts. More precisely, it
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was pretrained with two objectives:
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- Masked language modeling (MLM): taking a sentence, the model randomly masks 15% of the words in the input then run
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the entire masked sentence through the model and has to predict the masked words. This is different from traditional
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recurrent neural networks (RNNs) that usually see the words one after the other, or from autoregressive models like
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GPT which internally masks the future tokens. It allows the model to learn a bidirectional representation of the
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sentence.
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- Next sentence prediction (NSP): the models concatenates two masked sentences as inputs during pretraining. Sometimes
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they correspond to sentences that were next to each other in the original text, sometimes not. The model then has to
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predict if the two sentences were following each other or not.
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This way, the model learns an inner representation of the English language that can then be used to extract features
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useful for downstream tasks: if you have a dataset of labeled sentences, for instance, you can train a standard
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classifier using the features produced by the BERT model as inputs.
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## Model variations
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BERT has originally been released in base and large variations, for cased and uncased input text. The uncased models also strips out an accent markers.
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Chinese and multilingual uncased and cased versions followed shortly after.
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Modified preprocessing with whole word masking has replaced subpiece masking in a following work, with the release of two models.
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Other 24 smaller models are released afterward.
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||||||
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The detailed release history can be found on the [google-research/bert readme](https://github.com/google-research/bert/blob/master/README.md) on github.
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| Model | #params | Language |
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|------------------------|--------------------------------|-------|
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| [`bert-base-uncased`](https://huggingface.co/bert-base-uncased) | 110M | English |
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| [`bert-large-uncased`](https://huggingface.co/bert-large-uncased) | 340M | English | sub
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|
| [`bert-base-cased`](https://huggingface.co/bert-base-cased) | 110M | English |
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||||||
|
| [`bert-large-cased`](https://huggingface.co/bert-large-cased) | 340M | English |
|
||||||
|
| [`bert-base-chinese`](https://huggingface.co/bert-base-chinese) | 110M | Chinese |
|
||||||
|
| [`bert-base-multilingual-cased`](https://huggingface.co/bert-base-multilingual-cased) | 110M | Multiple |
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||||||
|
| [`bert-large-uncased-whole-word-masking`](https://huggingface.co/bert-large-uncased-whole-word-masking) | 340M | English |
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||||||
|
| [`bert-large-cased-whole-word-masking`](https://huggingface.co/bert-large-cased-whole-word-masking) | 340M | English |
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||||||
|
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## Intended uses & limitations
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
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You can use the raw model for either masked language modeling or next sentence prediction, but it's mostly intended to
|
||||||
|
be fine-tuned on a downstream task. See the [model hub](https://huggingface.co/models?filter=bert) to look for
|
||||||
|
fine-tuned versions of a task that interests you.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
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Note that this model is primarily aimed at being fine-tuned on tasks that use the whole sentence (potentially masked)
|
||||||
|
to make decisions, such as sequence classification, token classification or question answering. For tasks such as text
|
||||||
|
generation you should look at model like GPT2.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
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### How to use
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
You can use this model directly with a pipeline for masked language modeling:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```python
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||||||
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>>> from transformers import pipeline
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||||||
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>>> unmasker = pipeline('fill-mask', model='bert-base-uncased')
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||||||
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>>> unmasker("Hello I'm a [MASK] model.")
|
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|
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[{'sequence': "[CLS] hello i'm a fashion model. [SEP]",
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'score': 0.1073106899857521,
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|
'token': 4827,
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||||||
|
'token_str': 'fashion'},
|
||||||
|
{'sequence': "[CLS] hello i'm a role model. [SEP]",
|
||||||
|
'score': 0.08774490654468536,
|
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|
'token': 2535,
|
||||||
|
'token_str': 'role'},
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|
{'sequence': "[CLS] hello i'm a new model. [SEP]",
|
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|
'score': 0.05338378623127937,
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|
'token': 2047,
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|
'token_str': 'new'},
|
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|
{'sequence': "[CLS] hello i'm a super model. [SEP]",
|
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|
'score': 0.04667217284440994,
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|
'token': 3565,
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|
'token_str': 'super'},
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|
{'sequence': "[CLS] hello i'm a fine model. [SEP]",
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'score': 0.027095865458250046,
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'token': 2986,
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'token_str': 'fine'}]
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|
```
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|
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||||||
|
Here is how to use this model to get the features of a given text in PyTorch:
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||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```python
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||||||
|
from transformers import BertTokenizer, BertModel
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||||||
|
tokenizer = BertTokenizer.from_pretrained('bert-base-uncased')
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||||||
|
model = BertModel.from_pretrained("bert-base-uncased")
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|
text = "Replace me by any text you'd like."
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||||||
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encoded_input = tokenizer(text, return_tensors='pt')
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|
output = model(**encoded_input)
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
and in TensorFlow:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```python
|
||||||
|
from transformers import BertTokenizer, TFBertModel
|
||||||
|
tokenizer = BertTokenizer.from_pretrained('bert-base-uncased')
|
||||||
|
model = TFBertModel.from_pretrained("bert-base-uncased")
|
||||||
|
text = "Replace me by any text you'd like."
|
||||||
|
encoded_input = tokenizer(text, return_tensors='tf')
|
||||||
|
output = model(encoded_input)
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Limitations and bias
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Even if the training data used for this model could be characterized as fairly neutral, this model can have biased
|
||||||
|
predictions:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```python
|
||||||
|
>>> from transformers import pipeline
|
||||||
|
>>> unmasker = pipeline('fill-mask', model='bert-base-uncased')
|
||||||
|
>>> unmasker("The man worked as a [MASK].")
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
[{'sequence': '[CLS] the man worked as a carpenter. [SEP]',
|
||||||
|
'score': 0.09747550636529922,
|
||||||
|
'token': 10533,
|
||||||
|
'token_str': 'carpenter'},
|
||||||
|
{'sequence': '[CLS] the man worked as a waiter. [SEP]',
|
||||||
|
'score': 0.0523831807076931,
|
||||||
|
'token': 15610,
|
||||||
|
'token_str': 'waiter'},
|
||||||
|
{'sequence': '[CLS] the man worked as a barber. [SEP]',
|
||||||
|
'score': 0.04962705448269844,
|
||||||
|
'token': 13362,
|
||||||
|
'token_str': 'barber'},
|
||||||
|
{'sequence': '[CLS] the man worked as a mechanic. [SEP]',
|
||||||
|
'score': 0.03788609802722931,
|
||||||
|
'token': 15893,
|
||||||
|
'token_str': 'mechanic'},
|
||||||
|
{'sequence': '[CLS] the man worked as a salesman. [SEP]',
|
||||||
|
'score': 0.037680890411138535,
|
||||||
|
'token': 18968,
|
||||||
|
'token_str': 'salesman'}]
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
>>> unmasker("The woman worked as a [MASK].")
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
[{'sequence': '[CLS] the woman worked as a nurse. [SEP]',
|
||||||
|
'score': 0.21981462836265564,
|
||||||
|
'token': 6821,
|
||||||
|
'token_str': 'nurse'},
|
||||||
|
{'sequence': '[CLS] the woman worked as a waitress. [SEP]',
|
||||||
|
'score': 0.1597415804862976,
|
||||||
|
'token': 13877,
|
||||||
|
'token_str': 'waitress'},
|
||||||
|
{'sequence': '[CLS] the woman worked as a maid. [SEP]',
|
||||||
|
'score': 0.1154729500412941,
|
||||||
|
'token': 10850,
|
||||||
|
'token_str': 'maid'},
|
||||||
|
{'sequence': '[CLS] the woman worked as a prostitute. [SEP]',
|
||||||
|
'score': 0.037968918681144714,
|
||||||
|
'token': 19215,
|
||||||
|
'token_str': 'prostitute'},
|
||||||
|
{'sequence': '[CLS] the woman worked as a cook. [SEP]',
|
||||||
|
'score': 0.03042375110089779,
|
||||||
|
'token': 5660,
|
||||||
|
'token_str': 'cook'}]
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
This bias will also affect all fine-tuned versions of this model.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Training data
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
The BERT model was pretrained on [BookCorpus](https://yknzhu.wixsite.com/mbweb), a dataset consisting of 11,038
|
||||||
|
unpublished books and [English Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Wikipedia) (excluding lists, tables and
|
||||||
|
headers).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Training procedure
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Preprocessing
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
The texts are lowercased and tokenized using WordPiece and a vocabulary size of 30,000. The inputs of the model are
|
||||||
|
then of the form:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
[CLS] Sentence A [SEP] Sentence B [SEP]
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
With probability 0.5, sentence A and sentence B correspond to two consecutive sentences in the original corpus, and in
|
||||||
|
the other cases, it's another random sentence in the corpus. Note that what is considered a sentence here is a
|
||||||
|
consecutive span of text usually longer than a single sentence. The only constrain is that the result with the two
|
||||||
|
"sentences" has a combined length of less than 512 tokens.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
The details of the masking procedure for each sentence are the following:
|
||||||
|
- 15% of the tokens are masked.
|
||||||
|
- In 80% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by `[MASK]`.
|
||||||
|
- In 10% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by a random token (different) from the one they replace.
|
||||||
|
- In the 10% remaining cases, the masked tokens are left as is.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Pretraining
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
The model was trained on 4 cloud TPUs in Pod configuration (16 TPU chips total) for one million steps with a batch size
|
||||||
|
of 256. The sequence length was limited to 128 tokens for 90% of the steps and 512 for the remaining 10%. The optimizer
|
||||||
|
used is Adam with a learning rate of 1e-4, \\(\beta_{1} = 0.9\\) and \\(\beta_{2} = 0.999\\), a weight decay of 0.01,
|
||||||
|
learning rate warmup for 10,000 steps and linear decay of the learning rate after.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Evaluation results
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
When fine-tuned on downstream tasks, this model achieves the following results:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Glue test results:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
| Task | MNLI-(m/mm) | QQP | QNLI | SST-2 | CoLA | STS-B | MRPC | RTE | Average |
|
||||||
|
|:----:|:-----------:|:----:|:----:|:-----:|:----:|:-----:|:----:|:----:|:-------:|
|
||||||
|
| | 84.6/83.4 | 71.2 | 90.5 | 93.5 | 52.1 | 85.8 | 88.9 | 66.4 | 79.6 |
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### BibTeX entry and citation info
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```bibtex
|
||||||
|
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1810-04805,
|
||||||
|
author = {Jacob Devlin and
|
||||||
|
Ming{-}Wei Chang and
|
||||||
|
Kenton Lee and
|
||||||
|
Kristina Toutanova},
|
||||||
|
title = {{BERT:} Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language
|
||||||
|
Understanding},
|
||||||
|
journal = {CoRR},
|
||||||
|
volume = {abs/1810.04805},
|
||||||
|
year = {2018},
|
||||||
|
url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1810.04805},
|
||||||
|
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
|
||||||
|
eprint = {1810.04805},
|
||||||
|
timestamp = {Tue, 30 Oct 2018 20:39:56 +0100},
|
||||||
|
biburl = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/abs-1810-04805.bib},
|
||||||
|
bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<a href="https://huggingface.co/exbert/?model=bert-base-uncased">
|
||||||
|
<img width="300px" src="https://cdn-media.huggingface.co/exbert/button.png">
|
||||||
|
</a>
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
|
||||||
|
{
|
||||||
|
"architectures": [
|
||||||
|
"BertForMaskedLM"
|
||||||
|
],
|
||||||
|
"attention_probs_dropout_prob": 0.1,
|
||||||
|
"gradient_checkpointing": false,
|
||||||
|
"hidden_act": "gelu",
|
||||||
|
"hidden_dropout_prob": 0.1,
|
||||||
|
"hidden_size": 768,
|
||||||
|
"initializer_range": 0.02,
|
||||||
|
"intermediate_size": 3072,
|
||||||
|
"layer_norm_eps": 1e-12,
|
||||||
|
"max_position_embeddings": 512,
|
||||||
|
"model_type": "bert",
|
||||||
|
"num_attention_heads": 12,
|
||||||
|
"num_hidden_layers": 12,
|
||||||
|
"pad_token_id": 0,
|
||||||
|
"position_embedding_type": "absolute",
|
||||||
|
"transformers_version": "4.6.0.dev0",
|
||||||
|
"type_vocab_size": 2,
|
||||||
|
"use_cache": true,
|
||||||
|
"vocab_size": 30522
|
||||||
|
}
|
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coreml/fill-mask/float32_model.mlpackage/Data/com.apple.CoreML/weights/weight.bin (Stored with Git LFS)
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coreml/fill-mask/float32_model.mlpackage/Data/com.apple.CoreML/weights/weight.bin (Stored with Git LFS)
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|
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|
||||||
|
{
|
||||||
|
"fileFormatVersion": "1.0.0",
|
||||||
|
"itemInfoEntries": {
|
||||||
|
"9D749A46-ADA0-43CA-B5C2-8E722B91F41E": {
|
||||||
|
"author": "com.apple.CoreML",
|
||||||
|
"description": "CoreML Model Specification",
|
||||||
|
"name": "model.mlmodel",
|
||||||
|
"path": "com.apple.CoreML/model.mlmodel"
|
||||||
|
},
|
||||||
|
"D545B13F-2D5E-4CFB-BFF1-C10E9EFD70DA": {
|
||||||
|
"author": "com.apple.CoreML",
|
||||||
|
"description": "CoreML Model Weights",
|
||||||
|
"name": "weights",
|
||||||
|
"path": "com.apple.CoreML/weights"
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
},
|
||||||
|
"rootModelIdentifier": "9D749A46-ADA0-43CA-B5C2-8E722B91F41E"
|
||||||
|
}
|
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|
@ -0,0 +1 @@
|
||||||
|
{"do_lower_case": true, "model_max_length": 512}
|
Loading…
Reference in New Issue